En la ciudad española de Pontevedra,
una política de "peatonalización" para familias
ha ayudado a aumentar la población de niños,
a pesar de las bajas tasas de natalidad del país.
Javier Velázquez
 |
| Ayto Pontevedra. |
PONTEVEDRA—Once a city with narrow streets invaded by traffic and city
squares more like parking lots, the roads of Pontevedra, Spain, are now
often filled with baby strollers and children playing. Kids carry their
toys in small backpacks and spread them on the pavement to share with
other kids. Playgrounds with swing sets and slides are deliberately
unencumbered by fences. “We want children to play all over our city, and
to play whatever game comes to mind,” said Cesar Mosquera, the Urban
Councilor of Pontevedra.
By
restricting traffic and eliminating physical barriers, the city council
has redesigned Pontevedra from the sight line of a child. Doing so,
Mosquera believes, helps the city address everybody’s needs, especially
the disadvantaged. “Where there are children, there are healthy adults,”
Mosquera said. The policy, which has been expanding for almost two
decades now, has had many impacts on the community. One of the most
tangible: The once-languishing historic city center has become a
friendlier space for kids and their caretakers.
This
trend is reflected in the demographics of Pontevedra. The city has
attracted young families from throughout Spain’s northwest region to
settle in the city, even as Spain overall grapples with low birth rates.
In the last decade, Pontevedra has experienced the most growth compared
to other major cities in the region of Galicia. The newly revitalized,
now pedestrian-focused town grew from 73,871 neighbors in 1998 to 82,671
in 2017, according to the Statistics Institute of Galicia.
Since pedestrianization started in 2000, the population of
kids age 0 to 14 also increased by 8 percent in Pontevedra, compared to
3.2 percent in Galicia’s capital Santiago de Compostela and 2.4 percent
in Vigo, the region’s economic hub.
“Here
you don’t have to hold your child’s hand all the time. In any other
city that would only happen inside a mall,” said Willy García, father of
three-year-old Mauro, standing at the pedestrian “Children’s Fountain”
square, once an intersection with 25,000 cars passing daily.
Rather than go for suburban life in the big metropolitan
areas, the García family opted for a mid-sized town. It’s a common
refrain among those who relocated to the area. Marolia Otero, mother of
Gabriel and Lola, ages five and three, said she moved to Pontevedra
because in places like Vigo, the region’s economic hub, the costs of
housing were much greater. In larger cities, those costs would mean
living in the far-out suburbs, with longer commutes that leave parents
less time with their kids. In Pontevedra, many services are within
walking distance.
Carlos
Ferrás, an expert in demography and a lecturer of Human Geography at
Santiago de Compostela University (USC), says the urban
planning-centered approach has been more effective at fostering a
parent-friendly environment than other policies some governments have
adopted to try to directly increase birth rates.
“Birth-incentive policies—like one-off compensations per newborn—have proved to be unsuccessful.
If we want to end Spain’s aging drama, we must look for parenting
policies, measures that help parents raise their kids, starting with
urban planning,” said Ferrás.
“The
city council has run a very successful strategy, promoting attractive
and affordable residential developments in the urban area rather than in
the suburbs, and an urban model that is sustainable, greener,
convenient, and designed to support citizens throughout their parenting
process.”
Pontevedra
has continued to expand the pedestrian area from the center to the
outskirts, liberating a total 669,000 square meters previously dominated
by cars, and the transformation is still ongoing. Car use in the inner
city has dropped by 77 percent, and CO2 emissions have dropped by 66
percent, according to the city council. The crime rate has gone down,
too, adding to the feeling that the city is safe for unattended kids. In
2010, Pontevedra reached its lowest crime rate in a decade with 34
offenses per 1,000 citizens, and last year it reached a new low of 27.
Surprisingly, cars are not strictly banned inside the city.
Residents with a private garage can bring their cars in, and traffic is
open to delivery services, emergencies, and even to private drivers who
need to stop by the center for a pick-up or drop-off.
One of the most impactful policies on human behavior has
actually been removing most of the street parking space inside the
pedestrian-priority area. “We found that almost 60 percent of vehicles
circulating inside town were actually going around in circles trying to
find a parking spot. Now, since they know they won’t be able to park,
they have stopped bringing their cars in and they use the outer parking
areas,” Mosquera explained.
“It
is a very safe environment. With no cars, you don’t have to worry about
them being run over,” Otero said. “And since there are a lot of parents
with kids, and we all end up knowing each other. Sometimes you can even
ask a friend to look after your kids while you quickly run errands.”
For Ferrás, the
demographer, this might be Pontevedra’s key to success: a social and
urban environment that makes parents feel supported by the community. In
Pontevedra, 80 percent of kids age 6 to 12 walk alone to school every
morning, and in case they need help, they can report to volunteering
local businesses, where they will be looked after.
“Cities must be designed so citizens can afford being a
parent—an urban model that favors work-family reconciliation. They need
to feel accompanied through the process and [that they are in] an
ecosystem that values childhood and teenhood.”
It has happened that these policies ended up paying off at
the ballot box, too. In a town that votes conservative in the general
elections, Mosquera’s leftist-nationalist political coalition, BNG, has
been ruling ever since the pedestrianization program began in 1999. Its
urban model has been awarded a number of prizes, including the
UN-Habitat Dubai International prize in 2014 and the 2015 Center for
Active Design award, among others.
The
early resistance of neighbors and local businessmen who feared the
absence of cars would mean an absence of customers are well over. Even
for the opposition parties challenging BNG’s 20-year dominance,
reversing pedestrianization is now likely out of the question. Still,
some of those living outside the flourishing pedestrian area are the
ones who have the most criticism of the policy, saying they’ve been
excluded from Pontevedra’s urban improvements, and that the lack of a
working public transit network has forced them to either take their car
and deal with the limited parking space available or simply stay away
from town.
As part of the city’s strategy for work-family balance,
schools are kept in the city center and the maternity and pediatric
services have been moved from the big hospital complex outside town to a
smaller facility right in the pedestrian area. Families with children
in Pontevedra also benefit from a wide range of cultural activities
tailored for kids. The local theater offers a play every Sunday for
children under 12, the central food market hosts workshops for kids on
Saturday afternoons, and the city libraries have a year-round activity
program for them. During the summer, public urban boot camps take care
of the kids while their parents work.
“It is like building a nest,” said Carmen Fouces,
Pontevedra’s culture councilor. “If you put some fluff and straws on a
branch, a bird will soon make it its home.”
Funding
was provided by the Bernard van Leer Foundation to support our project,
“Room to Grow,” about raising tiny humans in the city. Sign up here to receive email updates on the series.
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