encaminadas a eliminar y criminalizar formas de activismo tales como
las revueltas estudiantiles en Quebec, (la “maple spring”),
o el movimiento de los indignados en España.
En los dos países se ha promovido la criminalización de las prácticas de muchos jóvenes.
¿Qué papel desempeñó en el desarrollo de políticas criminalizadoras
el hecho de que las protestas ciudadanas contra la austeridad en 2011 y 2012
tuvieran un marcado componente de protesta juvenil?
La seguridad y el estado democrático liberal.
Criminalizando la política de los jóvenes,
Judith Bessant,
School of Global Urban Social Studies,
RMIT University, Australia,
Maria Grasso,
Department of Politics and International Relations,
University of Sheffield, Reino Unido,
Resumen
Las políticas de austeridad fueron la reacción de muchas democracias liberales ante la crisis económica iniciada en 2008. Esto provocó un aumento de la contestación y de la movilización social, protagonizada en muchos casos por personas jóvenes.
Como reacción a su vez, muchos gobiernos desarrollaron políticas con el objetivo de combatir estas formas de movilización, incluyendo la criminalización de la protesta.
Este artículo explora las prácticas por parte de instituciones y el Estado encaminadas a eliminar y criminalizar formas de activismo tales como las revueltas estudiantiles en Quebec, (la “maple spring”), o el movimiento de los indignados en España.
A pesar de las diferencias entre ambos países, Canadá puede ser descrito como una ‘democracia liberal madura’ mientras España encaja mejor con la etiqueta de ‘democracia liberal emergente’, en los dos países se ha promovido la criminalización de las prácticas de muchos jóvenes que buscaban ejercitar su derecho constitucional de manifestarse y expresarse libremente a través de la acción colectiva.
Aunque en cierto sentido estas prácticas pueden ser explicadas atendiendo a ciertas contradicciones inherentes a las democracias, las políticas criminalizadoras también reflejan algunos prejuicios muy arraigados contra las personas jóvenes.
Fundamentamos esta afirmación en el hecho que los jóvenes han causado siempre una atención desproporcionada por parte de la policía y el sistema de justicia legal cuando se veían vinculados con formas convencionales de delincuencia.
¿Qué papel desempeñó en el desarrollo de políticas criminalizadoras el hecho de que las protestas ciudadanas contra la austeridad en 2011 y 2012 tuvieran un marcado componente de protesta juvenil?
La discusión sobre las ideas preconcebidas sobre la edad, y la creencia establecida entre algunos sectores de la población de que la juventud ha de ser ‘vigilada de cerca’ permite avanzar en la comprensión de las formas de respuesta estatal cuando son las personas jóvenes las que aspiran a participar activamente en la política.
Texto completo:
Copyright (c) 2019 Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
Esta obra está bajo una licencia de Creative Commons Reconocimiento 4.0 Internacional.
Esta obra está bajo una licencia de Creative Commons Reconocimiento 4.0 Internacional. |
| Los adolescentes y jóvenes están marcando el territorio del cambio social: Son protagonistas, son ciudadanos, son personas con iguales derechos que los adultos. El mundo es suyo, y el futuro de ese mundo con más motivo. |
Referencias
Alexander, B. 2018. Exploring a More Independent Freedom of Peaceful Assembly in Canada. Western Journal of Legal Studies, 8(1): 4. https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/uwojls/vol8/iss1/4
Altbach, P. ed. 2001. Student Political Activism: An International Reference Handbook, Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Anthony, L. 2016. ‘Youth Engagement in Politics in Canada’. Ottawa: SSHRC. http://ifsd.ca/web/default/files/ Policy%20Briefs/Policy%20Brief%20-%20Youth%20 and%20Political%20Engagement%20(English).pdf
Aoude, I. 2002. ‘Arab Americans and the Criminalization of Dissent’, Social Analysis: The International Journal of Social and Cultural Practice, 46, (1) pp.125-128. https:// www.jstor.org/stable/23170138
Ashworth, A. 2009. Principles of Criminal Law, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Ashworth, A. and L. Zedner. 2008. ‘Defending the Criminal Law: Reflections on the Changing Character of Crime, Procedure and Sanctions’ Criminal Law and Philosophy 2(1): 21-51.
Bastedo, H. 2014. ‘Not “one of us”: understanding how non-engaged youth feel about politics and political leadership’, Journal of Youth Studies 18(5): 649-665.
Bessant, J. 2016a. Digital Bytes: New Media, New Politics and Generational Change. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Bessant, J. 2016b. ‘Democracy Denied: Youth Participation and Criminalizing Digital Dissent’. Journal of Youth Studies, 19(7), 921–937.
Bessant, J. 2017. ‘Digital Humour, Gag Laws and the Liberal Security State’, in Baarda, R. and Luppicini, R. (eds), Digital Media Integration for Participatory Democracy, IGI Global publishers, pp. 204-221
Bessant, J., R. Farthing and R. Watts. 2017. The Precarious Generation: A Political Economy of Young People, London: Routledge.
Bourdieu, P. 2014. On the State: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1989-1992, edited by P. Champagne, R. Lenoir, F. Poupeau and M.-C. Rivière, translated by D. Fernbach. Cambridge: UK Polity press.
Brabazon, H. 2006. ‘Protecting Whose Security? Anti-terrorism legislation and the criminalization of dissent. YCIS Working Paper 43, York University, Toronto.
Brown, D., D. Farrier, D. Egger, S. McNamara, L. Steel, A. Grewcock and D. Spears. 2011. Criminal Laws: Materials and Commentary on criminal Law. Sydney: Federation Press.
Brown, W. 2015. Undoing the Demos: Neoliberalism’s Stealth Revolution, Cambridge: Zone.
Calvo, K. 2013. “Fighting for a voice: The Spanish 15-M/ Indignados Movement”. In Understanding European Movements: New social movements, global justice struggles, anti-austerity protest, edited by C.F. Fominaya and L. Cox. London: Routledge.
Cammaerts, B., M. Bruter, S. Banaji, S. Harrison and N. Anstead. 2014. ‘The Myth of Youth Apathy: Young Europeans’ Critical Attitudes Toward Democratic Life’, American Behavioral Scientist 58(5): 645-64,
Castañeda, E. 2012. The Indignados of Spain: A Precedent to Occupy Wall Street. Social Movement Studies 11(3–4): 309-319.
Chamayou, G. 2014. A Theory of the Drone (trans: Lloyd, J.). New York: The New Press.
Chicoine, L. 2018. “’Proxy Repression’? The Causes Behind the Change of Protest Control Repertoire by The Université Du Québec À Montréal During The 2015 Student”, in Grasso, M. and J. Bessant (eds.) 2018, Governing Youth Politics in the Age of Surveillance, pp. 62-76. London: Routledge
Cohen, S. 1972. Folk Devils and Moral Panics, MacGibbon and Kee, London.
Council of Europe, 2013. Commissioner for Human Rights Report, available: https://wcd.coe.int/ViewDoc.jsp?Re f=CommDH(2013)18&Language=lanSpanish&Ver=o riginal&Site=COE&BackColorInternet=B9BDEE&Bac kColorIntranet=FFCD4F&BackColorLogged=FFC679
Della Porta, D. 2009. (ed), Democracy in Social movements, London: Palgrave-Macmillan.
Della Porta, D. 2017. Interview with Donatella della Porta: the growing criminalisation of protest’ Open Democracy, https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/protest-donatella-della-porta-interview/
Eklundh, E. 2014. Who is speaking? The Indignados as political subjects. Global. Discourse 4(2-3): 223–235.
Elias, N. 1969. The Civilizing Process, Vol. I. The History of Manners, Oxford: Blackwell,
Elias, N. 1982. The Civilizing Process, Vol II. State Formation and Civilization, Oxford: Blackwell,
Garland, D. 2001. Culture of Control: Crime and Social Order in Contemporary Society. Chicago: The Chicago University Press.
Gerth, H. and C. Wright Mills (eds.) 1946. From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology. Pp. 490. New York: Oxford University Press.
González-Sánchez, I. and M. Maroto-Calatayud. 2018. “The penalization of protest under neoliberalism: managing resistance through punishment.” Crime Law Soc Change 70(4): 443-460.
Graeber, D. 2011. Revolutions in reverse, Essays on Political Violence, Art, and Imagination. Brooklyn: Autonomedia.
Grasso, M. and J. Bessant (eds). 2018. Governing Youth Politics in the Age of Surveillance. London: Routledge.
Grasso, M. 2016. Generations, political participation and social change in Western Europe. London: Routledge
Grasso, M. and M. Giugni. 2015. Are Anti-Austerity Movements “Old” or “New”?, in Giugni, M. and M. Grasso (eds.) 2015, Austerity and Protest: Popular Contention in Times of Economic Crisis. London: Routledge: 67-92.
Grasso, M., B. Yoxon, S. Karampampas and L. Temple. 2017. “Relative deprivation and inequalities in social and political activism”. Acta Politica 54 (3): 398–429.
Harvey, D. 2005. A Brief History of Neoliberalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Henn, M. 2002. ‘A generation apart? Youth and political participation in Britain’. British Journal of Politics and International Relations 4 (2): 167–192.
Henn, M. and N. Foard. 2013. ‘Social differentiation in young people’s political participation: the impact of social and educational factors on youth political engagement in Britain’, Journal of Youth Studies, 17 (3): 360-80.
Hocking, J. 2003. Terror laws: ASIO, counter-terrorism and the threat to democracy. UNSW Press, Sydney, Australia.
Hogg, R. 2007. ‘Criminology, Crime and Politics Before and After 9/11’. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology 40 (1): 83–105.
Husack, D. 2008. Over Criminalization: The limits of the Criminal law. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
International Network of Civil Liberties Organizations INCLO, 2013. Take the Back Streets: repression and Criminalization of Protest Around the World. INCLO. https://www.aclu.org/files/assets/global_protest_suppression_report_inclo.pdf
Lacey N. 2009. “Historicising Criminalization: Conceptual and Empirical Issues”. Modern Law Review 72 (6): 936- 960.
Lacey, N. 2008. “Philosophy, Political Morality, and History: Explaining the Enduring Resonance of the Hart-Fuller Debate”. New York University Law Review 83 (4): 1059-1087.
Lacey, N. 2004. “Criminalisation as Regulation: The Role of Criminal Law”, in C. Parker, C. Scott, N. Lacey and J. Braithwaite (eds.), Regulating Law Oxford: Oxford University Press: 144-167.
Lipton, D. 2017. Stronger Cooperation to Promote inclusive Growth, IMF. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r22CMhMGOGE
Loader, B., D. Vromen, A. and M. Xenos. 2014. “The networked young citizen: social media, political participation and civic engagement”. Information, Communication & Society 17(2): 143-150.
McNamara, L., J. Quilter, R. Hogg, H. Douglas, A. Loughnan and D. Brown. 2018. “Theorising criminalisation: The value of a modalities approach”. International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy 7 (3): 91-121.
McNeilly, G. 2012. Policing the Right to Protests, G20 Systemic Review Report. Office of the Independent Police Review Director, Toronto. http://www.ontla.on.ca/ library/repository/mon/26005/317709.pdf
Michalowski, R. 1985. Order, Law and Crime: An Introduction to Criminology. New York: Random House.
Mitzman, A. 1987. ‘The Civilizing Offensive: Mentalities, High Culture and Individual Psyches’, Journal of Social History 20 (4): 663-687.
Muncie, J. 2006. “The `Punitive Turn’ in Juvenile Justice: Cultures of Control and Rights Compliance in Western Europe and the USA”. Youth Justice 8 (2): 107-121.
Neocleous, M. 2000. Against Security, Radical Philosophy. https://www.radicalphilosophy.com/article/against-security
Neocleous, M. 2007. “Security, Liberty and the Myth of Balance: Towards Critique of Politics”. Contemporary Political Science 6: 131-149.
OECD, 2017. Key Issues for Digital Transformation in the G20, Report prepared for a joint German Residency OECD Conference, Berlin, January. https://www.oecd.org/g20/ key-issues-for-digital-transformation-in-the-g20.pdf
Pearson, G. 1983. Hooligans: A History of Respectable Fears. London: Macmillan.
Peñafiel, R. and M. Doran. 2017. New Modes of Youth Political Action and Democracy in the Americas: From the Chilean Spring to the Maple Spring in Quebec, in Pickard, S. y J. Bessant (eds.) 2017. Young People Re-Generating Politics in Times of Crises, Palgrave. 349-373.
Pickard, S. and J. Bessant (eds.) 2017. Young People Re- Generating Politics in Times of Crises. Palgrave.
Pickard, S. and J. Bessant. 2018. France’s #Nuit Debout Social Movement: Young People Rising Up and Moral Emotions, Societies 8(4):100.
Powell, R. 2013. ‘The Theoretical Concept of the ‘Civilising Offensive’ (Beschavingsoffensief): Notes on its Origins and Uses’ Human Figurations 2 (1). http://hdl.handle. net/2027/spo.11217607.0002.203
Rose, N. 1990. Governing the soul: The Shaping of the Private Self. London: Routledge.
Salter, C. 2011. Activism as Terrorism: The Green Scare, Radical Environmental- ism and Governmentality. Anarchist Developments in Cultural Studies 1: 211-238. Academic Press.
Simsa, R. and B. Barrequero-Diaz. 2015. Human rights in Spain – a mere national topic?, Vienna: Osterreichische Gesellschaft fur Europapolitk.
Stanley Hall, G. 1905. Adolescence: Its Psychology and its relations to Physiology, Anthropology, Sociology, Sex, Crime, Religion and Education, (2 vols.) Appleton, New York and London.
Taylor, C. 1992. “The politics of recognition”, in Gutmann, A. (ed.), Multiculturalism and the politics of recognition, pp. 25–73. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Van de Velde, C. 2011. The ‘Indignados’: The Reasons for Outrage. Cités 3 (47-48), 283–287. https://www.cairn-int.info/revue-cites-2011-3-page-283.htm
Van Ginkel, R. 1996. ‘A Dutch Sodom and Gomorrah: Degenerates, moralists and authority in Yerseke, 1870- 1914’, Crime, Law and Social Change, 24, pp.223-239.
Van Krieken, R. 2006. ‘Crime, government and Civilization: Rethinking Elias in Criminology’, Working Paper, The University of Syney. https://ses.library.usyd.edu.au/ handle/2123/916
Van Krieken, R. 1999. ‘The barbarism of civilization: cultural genocide and the “stolen generations”’, British Journal of Sociology 50(2): 297-315.
Verrips, K. 1987. ‘Noblemen, farmers and labourers: A civilizing offensive in a Dutch village’, Netherlands Journal of Sociology 23(1): 3-17.
Weber, M. 1964. The Theory of Social and Economic Organization, edited by T. Parsons. NY, New York: Free Press.
WEF. 2017. The Global Risks Report 2017 http://www3.weforum.org/docs/GRR17_Report_web.pdf
Wilkinson, M.A. 2018. Authoritarian Liberalism: The Conjuncture Behind the Crisis, LSE Legal Studies Working Paper No. 5/2018 https://papers.ssrn.com/ sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3137329
Zedner, L. 2009, ‘Fixing the Future? The Pre-Emptive Turn in Criminal Justice’ in McSherry, B., A. Norrie and S. Bronnit (eds.), Regulating Deviance: The Redirection of Criminalisation and the Futures of Criminal Law, Hart Publishing.
No hay comentarios:
Publicar un comentario
Danos tu opinión, Escribe tu comentario, AQUÍ